Is Pop Star A Perfect Body Is Increasing - 953 Words

The pressure to have a perfect body is increasing. This means, more and more people are going to extreme lengths to achieve that thinner-more defined-fit-magazine-cover body. But that â€Å"perfect† body may not be all that it looks. That pop star may be Photoshopped or even had some â€Å"work† done. Even though, not all plastic surgeries involve silicone or saline implants, as they can be reconstructive, it is exactly what it sounds like: surgery. Some celebrities stand against plastic surgery and, the same goes for Photoshop. With plastic surgery and Photoshop comes scrutiny. The scrutiny isn’t just coming from health experts, but from Average Joe’s and Jane’s. The worst part is that it is being directed towards everyone. Celebrities are the face of a nation, the media is the pedestal, and the rest of the populations are the victims of ideal perfection. Ever hear of looks can be deceiving? Just look at Barbie. She’s about a twenty-nine centimeter doll with a bust measurement of thirteen and a half centimeters, waist measurement of eight and a half centimeters, and hip measurement of twelve and a half centimeters. Even though that frame looks cute, perky, and â€Å"ideal,† life-size Barbie isn’t so â€Å"ideal.† If she were an actual person, she would suffer from an eating disorder and would undergo many plastic surgeries. Mainly because she would be five foot, nine inches tall, her bust would be thirty-six inches, waist would be eighteen inches, and hips would be thirty-three inches. Not toShow MoreRelatedVisual Media s Influence On Society1661 Words   |  7 Pages video games and use of computers consume an hour for each (Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders). Even though there are many contributing factors, visual mass media has a negative influence on American society. The increasing amount of mass media have contributed to the growing rate of difference in influence throughout time. Women and young girls desire to have that â€Å"perfect† body image. However, what exactly is perfect by definition? The way one may see themselves may be different thanRead MoreLook Good, Feel Good: Going to Drastic Lengths for Beauty763 Words   |  4 PagesRivers. Now a day’s people feel this way about plastic surgery. They would go under knives, hours of surgery and thousands of complication just to look pretty. Every year millions of people go through complicated plastic surgery, and this number is increasing every year. The major reason of this increscent is people want to change their physic to look pretty. Fake beauty or plastic surgery is an obsession this generation in spite of knowing the side effect to bring variation. People are obsessed withRead MoreHigh End And Low End Essay935 Words   |  4 Pageshigher class citizens. From the suburbs to the ghetto, the kids ask for them and the adults collect them. They act as a bridge joining together the haves and the have-nots. A pop culture necessity, sneakers have the capability of strategizing equality through image and awareness of differences. The Converse All-Stars hug onto the star of such equality. They disturb the code presented onto the the world’s standards by acting as a buffer for simplicity and elegance. A strange elegance through zero technologicalRead MoreMiley Cyrus s Influence On Society1306 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Miley Cyrus Really Stands For In today’s popular culture a big topic of discussion is pop singer, Miley Cyrus. She was a former star on Disney Channel’s Hannah Montana and now we have all seen her transformation from a girl to a woman. To avoid fading away like many other celebrity teen stars as they aged, Miley decided to reinvent herself as an adult musician by pushing the limits. Many people only see Miley Cyrus for her unadulterated VMA Performances and her frowned upon behavior, whichRead MoreFashion Clothing On The Body1890 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Fashion is more than clothing on the body. It is the self-expression, empowerment, and comfort that a garment brings. The willingness to be trendy with the latest fashion is up to the consumer. But, the trends during the 1980s are hard not to follow. The fashion motto of the 1980s is big everything. Big hair, big accessories, big shoulder pads. Self-expression was encouraged and embraced with bright colors and styles so diverse that everyone seemed to fit in. Everything from spandexRead MoreThe Korean Wave1765 Words   |  8 Pagesindividuals, have their face and body â€Å"fix† as presents and gifts (â€Å"More Korean teens having plastic surgery,† 2011). According to Maliankay (2006), the wave gained true momentum after the export of Winter Sonata. It also launched the career of Bae Yong Joon. Bae’s character was pictured as a perfect lover, and captivating facial features. Because of this, fans arrived in a common notion that all Korean men are alike. This was quoted by Kim Ok Hyun, a director of â€Å"Star M† in Faiola’s article (2006)Read MoreWomens Music Essay2123 Words   |  9 Pagesmedia format), examples of increasing objectification of female bodies are everywhere. In order to best illustrate this point I have selected sixteen music videos to dissect and study. These videos vary both in their genre and era. In an attempt to cover all bases, I have selected several videos from pop and rock as well as rap (hip-hop). Pop music is named as such because it is what is considered the most popular musical genre. Because of the large potential audience for pop music, I will deal withRead MoreAnalysis Of Andy Warhol s An American Pop Artist Born1878 Words   |  8 PagesProfessor Tauber April 7th 2016 Between The Lines Andrew Warhola better known to the public, as Andy Warhol was an American Pop artist born in 1928 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. As a child he took classes at the Carnegie Museum of Art, and he won several awards for drawings he produced in high school. He is known as a leading figure in the visual arts movement known as Pop Art. Warhol graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949 getting a Bachelor in Fine Arts in pictorial design, he thenRead MoreThe Animal Kingdom, Animals Find A Mate For Procreation On The Basis Of Natural Selection2182 Words   |  9 Pageshas made it a norm which American men feel forced to become, thus resulting in poor body image for those who cannot ascribe to such a standard as well as health detriments to those who try and or reject such a standard . Society dictates what is deemed normal especially in the realm of aesthetics. The idea of normalcy is explored in the sense of beauty, in the sense of fitting the qualifications needed for increasing one’s chance of survival or procreation. This search for finding the ideal mate toRead MoreWhat Impact Does The Media Have On Females? Todays Society?2102 Words   |  9 Pagesthe world and the ‘perfect’ female is depicted through magazines, TV, music, internet, billboards, toys, movies, commercials etc. on a daily basis, impacting women and girls on how to perceive their own bodies, how to look and how to behave. The ‘perfect’ image is of an unrealistic appearance – a slender figure, tall, a large bust, caucasian and light coloured hair. Advertisement and marketing within the beauty industry is extremely powerful and influential. The ‘ideal’ female body images are airbrushed

Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children - 830 Words

It seems like every other day there is another story on the news about a child who was found tied up in a yard, or locked in the closet, or killed by their parent. These abused children are then being placed in the foster care system with other children who were given up by their parents, with no guarantee that they will ever be placed with a family again. Why is it that our society continues to allow children to be born to unfit parents? Why do the current laws in place in America not protect our children until after something bad happens to them? Action must be taken to protect these children as early as possible, even before they are conceived. Parents should be required to obtain a parenting license prior to conception to ensure that children are conceived by competent parents who want them, which will lead to fewer instances of child abuse and adoption, both of which are damaging to developing children. Each year thousands of children are neglected and physically abused, in some cases, this abuse results in the death of that child. On May 4th, 2015 in the state of Arizona a 4-month old boy was shaken to death, suffering bilateral retinal hemorrhages and an anoxic brain injury, while in the care of his parents(Arizona Department of Child Safety). In 2014, the state of Virginia Social Services Department found that of the 102 child deaths investigated by Virginia s Child Fatality Review Teams 74.5% were probably preventable (Virginia Department of Social Services). InShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were phy sically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from h appening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Effect On Children1657 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2010 according to the census bureau there were 74,100,000 U.S children between the ages of 0-17 being abused and 3.3 million referrals. This effected on average 1-10 U.S families and children, there were more than 32,200,000 U.S families with children under the age of 18 according to the 2010 census bureau. From the 3.3 million hotline calls in 2010 there were less than 475,000 sustained cases (2010 NCANDS: 436,321 sustained +24,976 indicated = 461,297 total) resulting in about 15% of hotlineRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1317 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a hopeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and protocols for abusersRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1263 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse is any behavior which, by action or omission, produces physical or psychological damage to a person less than 18 years, affecting the development of his personality. In homes, it is believed that the most effective way to educate children is using the abuse. This form of punishment it used as an instrument of correction and moral training strategy as it is the first and most persistent justification of damage and maltreated mothers parents inflict on their children. SocietyRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1160 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents and other caregivers do not intend to hurt their children, but abuse is defined by the effect on the child, not the motivation of the parents or caregiver. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behavior is, the more unimaginable it seems. ButRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1227 Words   |  5 Pagesreports of child abuse are made involving more than 6 million children. The United States has one of the worst records of child abuse losing 4-7 children a day to the abuse. Abuse is when any behavior or action that is used to scare, harm, threaten, control or intimidate another person. Child abuse is a behavior outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. There are four main types of child abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, andRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States is

The Frontier Thesis Free Essays

string(29) " even been forced upon them\." The emergence of western history as an important field of scholarship started with Frederick Jackson Turner’s (1861-1932) famous essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American history. †[1] This thesis shaped both popular and scholarly views of the West for the next two generations. In his thesis, Turner argued that the West had to be taken seriously. We will write a custom essay sample on The Frontier Thesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He felt that up to his time there had not been enough research of what he in his essay call â€Å"the fundamental, dominating fact in the U. S. istory†: the territorial expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. The frontier past was, according to Turner, the best way to describe the distinctive American history and character. To this day, Turner’s thesis remains one of the most widely discussed interpretations of the American past and it still continues to influence historians. Even though many scholars have questioned the thesis as an acceptable theory of explaining American history and culture, the thesis has its strengths. Turner explained what made America unique. America as a unique nation was already a belief when the first colonies were established on the East coast. And the notion that America was exceptional would continue to be re-created again and again on the frontier. The frontier was closely related to the myth that sustained the American faith, the ideals and images that represent the American Dream as well as America as an exceptional nation. The purpose of this paper is to look at the essence of Turner’s argument in his essay, as well as discuss his strongest and weakest arguments. The paper will end with a look at the West as a myth. The essence of Turner’s thesis In Turner’s mind, the settlement of the West by white people –â€Å"the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward† was the most important part of American history. [2] This is the major theme in Turner’s essay and the heart of the frontier thesis. Turner did not define the West as a geographical place or region but as a process, which defined what he looked upon as uniquely American. According to Turner, the westward expansion had transformed the savage and wild land into a modern civilization. This westward expansion could explain the American development, the national character as well as its democracy. Turner believed that this settling of a wild area of â€Å"free land† was an important factor in shaping the American character. American characteristics like individualism, democracy and a strong work ethnic, which Turner looked upon as typical American qualities had all been developed when newcomers settled the wilderness. These special qualities would later influence the whole nation. Other historians and philosophers such as Tocqueville and Hegel have also talked about the impact of the frontier on the American experience, but the Turner thesis was the first to be accepted by other historians. Turner insisted upon the frontier as the number one â€Å"explanation† of American history. But it is difficult to understand what he really meant by â€Å"explanation†. As argued by Joshua Derman, it is almost impossible for the reader of Turner’s work to deduce whether he intended the â€Å"frontier to be the ‘prime mover’ in American political history, the single best explanation for why American cultural and political institutions developed the way they did, or a dogmatic rule for interpreting all events in American history. †[3] The notion that democracy arose because of the frontier is also weak. For example, both Russia and China have vaster frontiers than America, but they lack democracy. And in his essay, Turner has not showed what made the American frontier experience different from other countries with considerable frontiers. To say that the frontier shaped American democratic institutions is vague and hard to prove. It is clear that the new land and communities in the wilderness demanded greater participation in political activities (than in Europe) and because of this ordinary people had to step in and contribute. 4] This notion that the ‘common man’ should contribute in civil life became an important part of American society. [5] It was not only American democracy that Turner thought had developed out of the unique frontier experience. There were also several other values that owed the frontier its striking characteristics, for example the complex nationality (later termed the melting pot), individualism and economic mobility (the American Dream). â€Å" The result†, Turner concluded, was â€Å"that to the frontier the American intellect owe[d] its striking characteristics†(100). Individualism was one of the most important and distinctive qualities created by the frontier, as stated in the essay: That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and acquisitiveness; that practical inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things†¦. the restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and evil, and withal the buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom – these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier. (100) As we can see from these lines, frontier individualism did not only promote positive things, it had negative traits as well. On the frontier, newcomers had to rely on themselves. This feeling created the traditional, individualistic feeling. Since life was so hard on the frontier one could not carry one’s ancestry into the wilderness. As a consequence, Turner thought, social life became more informal †¦ than in the older and more settled communities. According to the frontier thesis, all the resources on the frontier as well as its lack of an established socio-political structure provided opportunities for the settlers. They could now pursue their dreams â€Å"of limitless wealth and self-betterment. †[6] Cheap or free land meant more opportunities for the self-made man, and provided a ‘safety valve’ for the ‘newcomers’: Since the day when the fleet of Columbus sailed into the waters of the New World, America has been another name for opportunity, and the people of the United States have taken their tone from the incessant expansion which has not only been open but has even been forced upon them. You read "The Frontier Thesis" in category "Papers" (100) Free land led to new opportunities, and it was up to each individual and their desire to work hard and climb the economic and social ladder: â€Å"†¦each frontier did indeed furnish a new field of opportunity, a gate of escape from the bondage of the past; and freshness, and confidence, and scorn of older society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Turner, 100). Everything was open to the man who knew how to seize the opportunity. The self-made man became the ideal of the West, and eventually every man in the U. S. A. should be like him. It was the work ethic of the frontier, not of the South or East, Turner thought, that had contributed the most to the American character. The frontier culture concentrated on the dollar and it became important to make something out of your life. People were constantly moving in search of larger acreage and new opportunities. The large amount of unclaimed western land offered huge opportunities for those who were willing to take a risk. It could, if they worked hard, give them even more wealth and money. This â€Å"gospel of wealth† has continued to be a part of American society. The idea of the â€Å"American Dream† was already a part of the Puritan faith, but it gained even more strength as a modern conception of the frontier. The frontier became the American Dream. To some extent, Turner is right when he talks about the opportunities on the frontier. Newcomers came to the U. S. A. because of new opportunities, and America letters described all the opportunities the frontier offered those who were willing to take a risk. [7] Whereas genealogy divided classes in the Old World, money from hard work divided classes on the American frontier. This became uniquely American. And this myth of America as a place of opportunity and optimism is still a part of the American character. Also, the American tradition of competition and self-betterment was born on the frontier and continues in America even today. But a weakness of the frontier thesis is that Turner ignored the fact that many Americans have never or would never live on the frontier. The West was not a place of opportunity and freedom for everyone, as it seems in Turners essay. For example, to many women and minorities and of course the Indians, the West was no promised land. Life was hard. It was not as romantic and idealistic as Turner made it seem in his essay. And not all men benefited from the frontier. For example, the cost of starting a farm in West was high and few poor urban workers of the East could afford to get a second chance in the West. Also, the largest migration was actually to the city and not to the farm. [8] Historians have concluded that the American West was not â€Å"some rough-hewn egalitarian democracy, where every man had a piece of land and the promise for prosperity, but a world quickly dominated by big money and big government. †[9] Despite shortcomings in Turner’s essay, the frontier myth meant social and economic mobility. As argued by Degler, â€Å"precisely because it [the frontier] was believed to be a safety valve, regardless of what it was in fact, the western frontier worked an influence upon the attitudes of Americans. It left its mark in the optimism, the belief in progress, the promise of the future and the second chance – all of which have been deeply embedded in the American character† (142). Turner also ignored the fact that the land was not ‘free’ (which is illustrated by all the Indian wars). And the essay does not say much about the violence and lawlessness of western expansion. Clearly, opportunities aided the development of democratic ideals in America. But the availability of opportunities should not be confused with the origination of democratic ideas (Degler, 137). The idea of ‘starting over’ is closely connected with opportunity and an important part of the frontier thesis. As stated in the thesis: â€Å"American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnished the forces dominating American character† (Turner, 88). The wilderness overwhelmed the newcomers and reduced them to a sort of â€Å"primitiveness. † It is a reversed evolution of civilization Turner explains in his thesis. But this step backwards was overshadowed by the hope for a new and better society. Euro-Americans turned the wilderness into civilization, and in doing so they themselves were transformed. In the ‘contest’ between nature and the colonists emerged a unique American character and a distinctive political culture – individualism and democracy. [10] Turner addressed all these new opportunities the frontier created as a â€Å"social rebirth†. America became a sign of a new start to many. People were willing to lie their past behind in search of new opportunities. Turner also set the stage for what would later become known as the â€Å"melting pot†. He looked upon the frontier as a crucible where people with different backgrounds came together and formed a distinct American character: â€Å"In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics. † The result was †the formation of a composite nationality for the American people† (94-95). But Turner as well as many others were wrong since the West was not a homogeneous as they thought. Many thought the newcomers would be Americanized, but the reality was that many newcomers kept their traditions and Americanization happened much more gradually than Turner believed. For example, Germans and English colonists differed in farming methods, crops and labor systems even though they lived on the same frontier. And many ethic groups settled in areas dominated by their own people and showed resistance to change. Another central aspect of Turner’s frontier thesis was that the frontier had made the United States different from Europe. According to Turner, the frontier remade the Europeans who entered it: â€Å"The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. † The frontier â€Å"finds him [the settler] a European in dress, industries, tools, modes of travel and thought †¦ little by little he [the settler] transforms the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old European, not simply the development of Germanic germs†¦[but] a new product that is American (89). The only uniquely â€Å"American† part of American history is the history of the frontier regions, since the other regions are too influenced by European institutions, Turner thought. He broke away from the notion that America was an extension of European culture and the so-called †Germ Theory† of American historical development, which stated that American institutions had their roots in ancient Teutonic forests (European roots of American institutions). [11] Turner looked upon the frontier as a powerful force. It shaped European settlers into something different from the European character. [12] The settling of the New World, especially the American frontier, had shaped an exceptional country, different from the Old World. The United States was something new and unique, something independent of European experience. As argued before, America as exceptional was a part of the American republic from the beginning and the frontier thesis carried this view even further. [13] The American frontier became something different and made a sharp contrast to the shadows of urban Europe. America became â€Å"the land of European dreams. † And this is not all, the frontier actually influenced not only America, but Europe as well: â€Å"Steadily the frontier settlement advanced and carried with it individualism, democracy and nationalism, and powerfully affected the East and the Old World† (Turner, 99). One weakness in Turner’s essay is that he puts too much emphasis on the effect on the frontier and because of this fails to mention other important features that have formed both the West and America as a whole. The frontier clearly contributed, but other factors are important as well, like slavery, immigration, agriculture, violence, industrialization, urbanization as well as women and ethnic minorities. For example, Indians received far too little attention. Turner considered Native Americans to be of little significance. They were part of that wild frontier environment and posed â€Å"a common danger and served as â€Å"a consolidating agent in our history,† faceless obstacles to be overcome and subdued in the process of westernizing† (Milner, 213). Turner’s estimated effect of the frontier on American politics and institutions was also exaggerated. As Turner puts it: â€Å"The legislation which most developed the powers of the national government, and played the largest part in its activity, was conditioned on the frontier† (Turner, 95). But actually, the frontier state was not that different from eastern models in state government and legislation. For example, the constitution of both Tennessee and Kentucky were modeled after the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790. Just some clauses had actually originated in the West (Degler, 136). In fact, regarding property qualifications for suffrage and the structure of state legislature, the western states modeled their government and legislation after older eastern States. The western states were also more reluctant than eastern states to permit black suffrage and even to allow them to enter their states both before and after the Emancipation. 14] Benjamin F. Wright, Jr. , argues that democracy had emerged in the Old World and had generally moved from east to west, rather than visa versa. Turner has also been criticized when he defines the frontier. To him, the frontier means different things. Sometimes it is an area where the civilization and wilderness meets, and other times the western part of the United States. It can even refer to a process – a way of life for those participa ting the settling of the land or a place full of natural resources. Critics have argued that if the frontier is the edge of civilization, it cannot also be the western part of the USA at a stage of social evolution (Degler, 135). The Western myth The frontier has become essential to Americans’ becoming who they are as a people. As argued by Faragher, †the belief that ‘westernizing’ defines our unique national heritage, and that it amounted to the purest expression of American idealism, has been what historian Warren Susman called â€Å"the official American ideology†(Faragher, 230). Henry Nash Smith and other specialists in American studies demonstrated that reality did not always rule in thinking about the West and that myths, symbols, images and stereotypes developed in response to the conditions of a particular time, could become a part of American culture and be transmitted to subsequent generations (Milner, 12). It was on the western frontier that America formed its own independent identity. Americans have located their nation-building myths and heroes out west, and the west has connected America’s to a national culture through a common story. The frontier thesis had, and continues to have, a powerful hold on popular and scholarly imagination. It reinforced the American sense of uniqueness and accomplishment, and strengthen the American nationalism (Milner, 21). The frontier played a role in endowing the people of the United States with distinguished character traits. Conclusion With his frontier thesis, Turner wanted to get away from the notion that America was just an extension of Europe. Instead, he emphasized the importance of the frontier as the promotion of distinctive American characteristics. It was on the western frontier you could trace the uniquely American character traits like, for example, individualism, opportunity and democracy. The West would be known as a place for opportunity and success for millions of Americans throughout the frontier, eastern cities and soon rest of the world. America became the â€Å"New Eden† and the land of opportunity. The affluence in America made Americans unique to Europe and also the rest of the world. The frontier’s work ethic and individualism spread across the country because it spoke to all Americans. And American frontier values like individualism continue to be important even today. No other country in the world would use the word frontier as Americans do: it convey so many different things to them. Most of all it means optimism. It is not strange that people were encouraged to go West for example during the depression of 1857, where they were promised more opportunities. [15] Despite shortcomings and weaknesses in Turner’s essay, the frontier thesis has a lasting appeal and the frontier idea keeps turning up in new forms, for example in everything from western movies, commercials and politics. The frontier has become an important part of American consciousness. There is something of substantial merit at the core of Turner’s views. The characteristics we think about when we hear the name America, even if it’s true or just a myth is qualities Turner described in his thesis. The frontier has become a symbolic repository of American values and characteristics. Turner articulated the American ‘myth’ that people already thought was true and what many thought was a distinctive American characteristic. The West became an image of a mythmaker and a preserver of distinctive American values. Clearly, the West continues to live one, and it is a distinctive American characteristic. How to cite The Frontier Thesis, Papers

History and Philosophy on Natural Medicine - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHistory and Philosophy on Natural Medicine. Answer: Chiropractic medicine is a form of medicine that is used in the diagnosis and the treatment of spinal disorders that leads to a negative effect on the nervous system of the body and normal health of an individual (Stephenson,2015). It is a type of natural health care that involves the use of spinal adjustments in order to help the body to heal in a normal manner by correcting the misalignments in the spinal cord and restoring of normal functioning of the nervous system.It is also known as the science of treatment without the use of any drugs or surgery. The first chiropractic treatment occurred in 1895 by Daniel David Palmer and was given to Harvey Lillard (Waters, 2014). Daniel David Palmer believed that treatment of the spine plays an important role in curing all the diseases in the human body. This essay deals with the philosophy, principles and clinical implications of chiropractic medicine that helps the patients to get relieved from back pain or in the treatment of sciatica. The philosophy of chiropractic treatment includes both vitalistic and holistic. The holistic approach deals with promoting health, helps in preventing illness and promotes healing based on social, personal , environmental and familial factors. The philosophy of Chiropractic treatment is based on the fact that nervous system plays an important role in the normal functioning of the body. It controls all the parts of the body through various nerves and signals. A chiropractor recognizes various factors that affect the health of an individual that includes hereditary factors, heat and ice therapy, environmental factors, hydrotherapy, nutrition and sleep intake and exercise (Davis et al., 2015) .Chiropractor improve circulation of blood by providing massage to the soft tissues. This also helps in reducing the inflammation and swelling related to back pain and helps in healing at a faster rate. Various therapies are used in the treatment process by the chiropractors. These include ultrasou nd, diathermy, hydrotherapy, and electrical muscle stimulation,. Ultrasound helps in reducing the back pain, stiffness and increase the flow of the blood in the body that ultimately helps in healing at a faster rate. Ultrasound involves therapy including sound waves and heat is applied to the joints and the soft tissues to reduce the pain. Diathermy is form of wave that is short and it passes to the tissues that are soft and helps in relaxing the muscles and the connective tissues. Hydrotherapy is performed by using water and its temperature and pressure is varied using hot baths and saunas. It is used to improve the blood flow , accelerate the healing process and decrease the sensitivity of pain in the back. Electrical muscle stimulation involves the use of electrodes that are kept in the skin and electrical impulses are send to all the parts of the body. It is used to relieve the back pain and decrease the inflammation (Coulter, Goertz Walters, 2014).Hence, a chiropractor helps i n the diagnosis of problems in the nervous of the body and helps it to heal in a natural manner and not by focusing only on the symptoms of any disease. When a patient visits the doctor for the treatment, he or she is evaluated on the basis of case history and is examined physically. They are also examined using laboratory treatments and X-Ray analysis and special attention is given to the spinal cord. Chiropractors can use various techniques during the treatment such as massage, ultrasound, and adjustment in the spine manually or muscular stimulation using electrical signals (Penney et al., 2016). There is no involvement of surgery or any drugs during the treatment as it is natural method of treatment and improves the communication system of the body to function in an effective manner by initiating, controlling and coordinating various functions of all the cells and the organs in the body. The most common problem that the patients visit the chiropractor is for the treatment of back pain but this treatment can be used for other problems as well such as headache, acute and chronic issues, pain in the neck, and problems in the nervous system and sciatica that may have occurred due to injury during sport activities, accidents or heredity (Vernon et al., 2015). According to researchers, chiropractic treatment can be used to cure the lower back pain or pelvic pain in pregnant women and it was observed that the patients felt improvement after the treatment (Peterson, Mhlemann Humphreys, 2014). It is reported that chiropractic treatment can be used to cure ear infections in young children and the children reported that they had no ear pain or fever after the treatment with the chiropractor (Center et al.,2013). It was also found that chiropractic care played an important role in the treatment of back pain in older population. Chiropractic treatment is reported to benefit females who were infertile and suffered from polycystic ovarian syndrome and helped them to attain pregnancy. It can be concluded that chiropractic treatment plays an important role in diagnosis and prevention of various disorders related to the musculoskeletal system that is the spinal cord. Chiropractors use a technique known as spinal manipulation that helps the spine to heal in a natural manner without being dependant on drugs and surgeries. It is a safe process and widely used in Australia to improve the functioning of nervous system by the patients. It is also reported that patients who suffer from osteoporosis, arthritis, compression in the spinal cord and people who take medicines to thin their blood are not advised to undergo manipulation in the spine. There are various disadvantages of chiropractic treatment such as some patients may experience side effects after the treatment such as increased pain, stroke and problems in the bowel movement ( Bryans et al., 2014). It can also take a long time in some patients in getting cured and can be an expensive treatment depending on the time spent by the chiropractor. References Bryans, R., Decina, P., Descarreaux, M., Duranleau, M., Marcoux, H., Potter, B., ... White, E. (2014). Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain.Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics,37(1), 42-63. Center, N. P., Bontrager, D., Bennett, M., Zurawicki, T. (2013). Ear infection: a retrospective study examining improvement from chiropractic care and analyzing for influencing factors.Spine,38(8). Coulter, I., Goertz, C., Walters, J. (2014).Assessment of Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain, Military Readiness and Smoking Cessation in Military Active Duty Personnel. RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA. Davis, M. A., Yakusheva, O., Gottlieb, D. J., Bynum, J. P. (2015). Regional supply of chiropractic care and visits to primary care physicians for back and neck pain.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,28(4), 481-490. Penney, L. S., Ritenbaugh, C., Elder, C., Schneider, J., Deyo, R. A., DeBar, L. L. (2016). Primary care physicians, acupuncture and chiropractic clinicians, and chronic pain patients: a qualitative analysis of communication and care coordination patterns.BMC complementary and alternative medicine,16(1), 30. Peterson, C. K., Mhlemann, D., Humphreys, B. K. (2014). Outcomes of pregnant patients with low back pain undergoing chiropractic treatment: a prospective cohort study with short term, medium term and 1 year follow-up.Chiropractic manual therapies,22(1), 15. Stephenson, R. W. (2015).Chiropractic text book. Ravenio Books. Vernon, H., Borody, C., Harris, G., Muir, B., Goldin, J., Dinulos, M. (2015). A Randomized Pragmatic Clinical Trial of Chiropractic Care for Headaches With and Without a Self-Acupressure Pillow.Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics,38(9), 637-643. Waters, T. R. (2014). Mabel Palmer on Thin Ice: A History of Chiropractic That Almost Wasn't.Chiropractic History,34(1).

The crusaders and muslims in palestine Essay Example For Students

The crusaders and muslims in palestine Essay Crusaders and Muslims in PalestineThroughout time, history has had a tendency to repeat itself. It has done so in good means as well as bad. People learn from the past and apply it to their every day lives. Although people try to do the right thing and not follow mistakes that have been already made, they just seem to come about. Today, our country is experiencing a situation that is extremely similar to the situation occurred in 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. Crusades now can be defined as well all wars undertaken in pursuance of a vow and directed against infidels. Back in the middle ages, it was known as any military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe. We will write a custom essay on The crusaders and muslims in palestine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The history of the crusades is filled with the mercilessness of the crusaders and the kind-heartedness of the Muslims. The Muslims were massacred everywhere the crusaders arrived, while the Christians were treated kindly by the Muslims. The Christians and the Muslims were fighting against one another in order to spread their religion, or end the other. The event leading up to the start of the holy wars was the invasions of the Holy Land, Jerusalem. Jerusalem was a holy site for the Christians as well as the Muslims. For the Christians, it was a sacred place because Jesus was crucified and on the site where his body was placed in a tomb. They built a church of Holy Sepulchure which stands of the hill where Christ was believed to have been crucified, died, buried, and where he rose again. For the Muslims, this place was cared because they believed that the founder of their religion, Muhammad, was able to visit heaven from there. For that reason, they built many masques and the most famous one is the Dome of the Rock. Islam was spreading very fast. Europes greatest threat came from the forces of Islam. These threats became real. Battles broke out and these battles turned to wars that lasted from 1095 to 1229. These years of bloodshed were led by men of power to gain control over the Holy Land of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was extremely important to the Muslims and Christians at this time. Many religious events had happened there, and many of the landmarks of both religions were located in Jerusalem. It was all over for one city, Jerusalem the Holy Land. At first, Christians occupied Jerusalem. The Christian people head out from giving up their land to their invaders, the Muslims. In February of 638, the Christian bishop of Jerusalem, Sophronus, was forced to surrender the city. By the 11th century, the balance of power began to swing toward the West. The Church became more centralized and stronger. Europes population was growing, its urban life was beginning to revive, and both long distance and local trade were gradually increasing. A growing population created more wealth that meant a greater demand from elsewhere. The interests coincided with religious feeling about the Holy Land and so the crusades began. The Muslims treated Christians well at fist. They just thought of them as people who were misguided in their choice of religion. They encouraged them to convert to Islam, but never forced them. The Christians who did not convert were than known as mawali meaning brother of Islam. Those who did not convert were called djimmis meaning the protected people. Even thought the Christian people were able to keep their religion, they had to take certain rules that came along with that. They had to pay extra tax called jizya, as well as having to abide by extra rules such as not being allowed to marry a Muslim, or to own arms or horses. .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .postImageUrl , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:hover , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:visited , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:active { border:0!important; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:active , .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9dbae940bccd40b7bc36eeda76c0f41e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Labour and in Impoverished Society Essay They were allowed to keep their churches. At this point of time, Europe was in what is known as the Middle Ages of the Dark Ages. This is when the land was separated by manors. All the neighboring manors would be in wars with each other. Each lord was trying to gain more land. Pope Urban II, in a speech of Clermont in France in November 1095, called for a great Christian expedition to free Jerusalem from the Turks, a new Muslim power that had recently begun actively harassing peaceful Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. Urbans speech appealed to thousands of people of all classes. This started the first crusade. The appeal for soldiers to fight for Jerusalem was very successful. Great nobles, clergy and peasants from all over Europe began preparing for the trip. Most of the people who were going were going for the most important reason, a religious reason. They thought that God had wanted them to. The Crusaders mission was to regain Jerusalem from the holiest ground of the Christian faith from the grasp of the Muslims. The official crusading armies did not head of the long journey until the middle of 1096. There were three main bands from Northern France, Southern France, and Southern Italy. The crusading army arrived in Byzantium over a period of several months early in 1097. Throughout their trip to Palestine, they committed horrible things like raping, murdering, and plundering Jews and Muslims. As they traveled to Jerusalem, they came upon many wars with other Turkish lands as well as lands occupied by Jews. As they marched east, they were joined by thousands of men and even women, ranging from petty knights and their families, to peasants seeking freedom from their ties to the manor. Few people knew what to expect. They all had one goal, to retake the Holy Land. When the Christians finally reached Jerusalem, the crusader army settled down to the business of conducting the siege. Led by priests chanting and holding their sacred relics in front of them, the entire army marched in slow solemn procession barefoot around Jerusalem. Six days after they marched into Jerusalem, the final assault began. More than a day of continuous fighting, the Crusaders forced their way into the city. After almost two months, Jerusalem fell. Crusaders swarmed into the city and killed more than 60.000 Muslim and Jewish inhabitants (Smith, 105). First Crusade was successful and it reinforced the authority of the Church and straightened the self-confidence of Western Europeans. Unfortunately, with victory came new problems. Many Crusaders saw the taking of Jerusalem as the goal; they were ready to go home. To keep the city safe for Christians and prevent Muslims from taking control again many Crusaders stayed behind and established the Christian states just like the ones in West Europe. They hoped to transplant their military. The Christian Knights who went to live in the Middle East found out that the people there had a different way of life. They ate different foods. They dressed in different clothes. The Christians and Muslims were not only living together in the Middle East but also in Spain and Sicily too (Norman, 66). In addition, one of the Crusaders greatest achievements was the opening of the eastern Mediterranean to European shopping. They established trading colonies in Egypt. Eastern connections opened Europe to a brighter understanding of optimistic ways of living and thinking. The biggest difference between Christians and Muslims is religion. Religion has always been a big issue. It always had a big impact on all people and there were many wars fought over the religion. Similarity that I have noticed is that both sides were warriors of God. .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .postImageUrl , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:hover , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:visited , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:active { border:0!important; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:active , .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8932e97999db313de077f08b70d2991d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jon Smith Essay Both sides fought for their religion and their beliefs. I do not think that Crusaders made a mistake by going into the war to free Jerusalem because they belong to Jerusalem as much as Muslims do. Neither Christians nor Muslims should forbid each other to be in Jerusalem because that place is very special to both sides. If Jerusalem were so important to both the Muslims and Christians of course, they would fight to keep it or gain control of it. The crusaders achieved the main purpose of the crusades and kept Jerusalem for a while, but the spirit of the people seen before the first crusade took place was never matched again. Later all of the cities taken by the Christians were to be taken back by the MuslimsIn conclusion, the crusades were a very important part of European history that really affects the world. These people fought for what they believed in and, maybe, if they had not fought for what they believed in, we should practice Islam instead of Christianity. Though many people lost their lives and times were tough, balance of power was up for grabs, and it went on for so long, the crusades were fought over the Holy Land to preserve and protect the aspects of each sides religion. The first three crusades show the best, how important they were to everyone and how they could have affected the world today. The First Crusade made people think that is possible for Christian crusaders to control the Middle East. Two hundred years after that, it was clear to them that it was not actually a possibility.

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buy custom Classification Systems essay The main significant for undertaking this research is to make a contribution to the scholarly understanding by coming up with a new model and introducing innovative interpretations to this model so as to present a fast and reliable means of data storage and retrieval. The research will not only contribute to the scholars but to business organizations as well. This is because this is the most affected sector since most businesses handle lots of data for their clients and products and services they offer. While most of this data is in unstructured state, most organizations feel that it is not well protected. A lot of this data is sensitive and confidential thus it must be protected using apposite measures. In addition to this, the data should support numerous distribution needs since it is shared across several platforms and between partners and entities as well. The handling and management of unstructured data is documented as one of the chief unsettled problems in the information technology industry (9). This is because; the techniques and equipment that proved successful in handling structured data have proved to be useless when dealing with unstructured data since it is bulky and sophisticated (9). This has consequently created an equally need for equipment and techniques for managing unstructured data that not all governments can afford. Inefficient and irrelevance in search; one of the basic requirements for unstructured data is that it should be searchable. Blumberg Atre (9) argues that before the web came into use, files and documents would be searched using full-text and other search systems. Conversely, with the rapid increase in the use of internet, these searching tools became inefficient enough to serve the highdemand (9). Several research studies have discovered that the standard size for search phrases that are used on communa l webs is only about 1.5-2.5 words. Research has also shown that the standard search contains very few competent Boolean operators, actually less than ten percent of the actual time. With such undersized phrases and very little application of sophisticated search techniques, it is clear evidence that the results are poor or irrelevant. In addition to these, the search machines treat every search application separately. This therefore means that same results are given for a particular search phrase even if the context is different (9). According to Blumberg Atre (9), the inconsistency in methodologies, frameworks and the taxonomies used in organization and classification of data shows that there is no suitable approach for interpreting and modeling unstructured data. Instead on there being one reliable and efficient standard, several models are coming up and each model has its own values and insights. This divergence therefore poses a major problem in the future since it is not certain which model will actual be able to effectively handle the unstructured data. Duplicating computing displays the use of internet and other data extraction systems so as to achieve reliable standards (9). Raghavan (16) classifies data using a two-class classification system using standard queries; the filtering and routing. He asserts that classification is usually general focused and the process with which such classification is performed is called text classification (15). According to Mena (10), unstructured data can best be managed when organized in hierarchical systems commonly referred to as taxonomies. Taxonomy can bee described as a hierarchical structure of classification whereby it moves down from extensive to explicit. This structure acts as a directory on a PC in the sense that it provides an expedient and instinctive way to maneuver and acquire information easily. This therefore means that; instead of formulating a query and then evaluate the results, one can directly access the relevant information by simply formulating queries on the appropriate classes and subclasses. Another advantage with these taxonomies is that they limit the queries to specific classes and sub cla sses (10). A well organized taxonomy may comprise of eighty to ten levels with hundreds or even thousands of classes. The Confidentiality Integrity Availability (CIA) Assurance Model is a commonly used model which recognizes the Confidentiality Integrity and Availability of data as the elementary safety characteristics of information particularly the unstructured data (11). Confidentiality is described as the guarantee of data discretion, the purpose of which is to ensure that only authorized and the intended processes, people or devices can have access to the data (9). This is only achievable when cryptography is implemented. Integrity is the assurance once data is stored, it can not be altered in transition; and the dispatcher of the data must be the person intended to be. To ensure that data is not altered or corrupted on transition, hash algorithms and digital signatures are used (14). Availability is the assurance that data can be accessed by the user in a reliable and timely manner. This guarantees a fast availability of data on request (9). While integrity and availability are maintained, in vaders may cause such information to become less accessible or completely unavailable. Buy custom Classification Systems essay

Medical Marijuana the Alternative Medicine Term Paper

Medical Marijuana the Alternative Medicine - Term Paper Example In line with this, researchers have found that marijuana produces a significant analgesic effect and is effective against weight loss, nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy (Kneisl, 2009, 338). However, the use of medical marijuana remains to be the center of debate with regards to legalization. But why should the state legalize the use of marijuana? To give light to the question, there are two categories of marijuana based on its usage, to wit: medical marijuana and recreational marijuana. Medical marijuana refers to marijuana that is used to alleviate undesirable effects of certain medications, treatments, and diseases. Recreational marijuana, on the other hand, refers to marijuana that is used to satisfy personal gratification or to achieve sense of euphoria. Thus, if legalization would be made for the sake of medical right, patients don’t have to endure extreme pain. Aside from usage, there are also two types of marijuana based on leaf appearance and effects. One of them is cannabis sativa. Cannabis sativa leaves are long, thin fingered, and light green. Its buds smell sweet, fruity, and perfumed. Its effect is energetic and uplifting, mostly cerebral. It gives a feeling of optimism and well-being, pain relief, and is hallucinogenic. Unlike sativa, cannabis indica leaves are short, wide fingered and deep green. Its bud is pungent. It gives relaxation, stress relief, and overall body pain relief. It is also used to treat insomnia. Marijuana for the terminally ill is still a debate between right and legality. It is a human right to live free from pain and suffering as well as to make self-determined decisions regarding managing health care in collaboration with the physician (Younts, 2005, 6). The plant exists and widely available, so why not used it to the benefit of those patients? With state regulatory organization, the fear of using marijuana in recreational use might be avoided. If an individual is suffering from a debilitating condition and relief for symptoms is present, we should not deny the right of this individual to choose the right treatment that would ease the discomfort. â€Å"The FDA has approved a drug known as Marinol, which contains THC, the active psychotropic ingredient of Cannabis sativa and a controlled substance, for oral use in treating both loss of appetite due to the AIDS-wasting syndrome and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting† (Cohen, 2006, 20). Likewise, the marijuana also contains the same compound THC. The only difference is that Marinol is a synthetic compound while marijuana is a hemp plant. If they both have the same active compound, maybe, we could use the marijuana legally for medical purposes. With all these debates regarding marijuana, a story in the 1994 issue of AIDS Weekly Magazine emerged. Christin Kehoe, a city councilwoman in California, said that she support the medicinal use of marijuana (Henderson, 1994, 6). Marijuana can be a drug of necessity to clients with glau coma, AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and depression. The Public Services and Safety Committee heard testimony from cancer and glaucoma patients who said that marijuana lessens side effects of chemotherapy and nausea (Henderson, 1994, 6). According to the doctors, marijuana drastically reduces the eye pressure for patients with glaucoma (Henderson, 1994, 6). The same goes with individuals suffering from AIDS, cancer and multiple sclerosis who reported

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition Outline

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition - Outline Example It is established in this analysis that the Realist theoretical tradition has been the most pertinent theoretical perspective on the subject of war and conflict in the post-Cold War order in the world. Realism is one of the most important positivist theories which focus on state security and power Introduction The end of Cold War brought about an inevitable focus on the concept of war and conflict in the study of international relations and several significant theoretical perspectives emerged. It is essential to realize that the realist, liberal, and radical traditions have been the most significant theoretical perspectives dealing with war and conflict in the international relations theory. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition of war maintains that there is an enduring propensity for conflict between states in the international relations, whereas the liberal theoretical tradition identifies various ways to alleviate the conflictive tendencies and the radical theoretical tradition emphasizes on the of transformation of the entire system of state relations. As Little and Smith (2006) maintain, the realist theoretical tradition was the most dominant theoretical perspective all through the Cold War. ... ures of the American-Soviet rivalry.†1 It is pertinent to establish that state security and power above other states are the essential components of the realist theoretical tradition regarding war and conflict. Significantly, realism is not a single theory and it has several classifications which evolved considerably during the Cold War period. In an examination of how war is understood in the realist theoretical tradition, it becomes evident that the intellectual construct called ‘realism’ focuses on international anarchy, insecurity, and the state, and it provides an effective way to deal with the contemporary world politics. As it remains the overriding paradigm in the study of international relations, it is fundamental to analyze how the realist theoretical tradition explains war. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition relies heavily on the structure of the international system or the distribution of power as the major element in explaining foreign po licies and international outcomes. â€Å"If realism provides a worthwhile explanatory framework, then propositions derived from it should yield insights about state strategies and behavior in light of this shift in the global distribution of power†¦ Realism remains a powerful and valuable explanatory framework, the end of the Cold War notwithstanding.†2 Therefore, it is important to recognize that the role of the realist theoretical tradition remains unquestioned even in the contemporary international relations and world politics, and an analysis of the realist interpretation of the concept of war is most warranted. Scope of the Study In a world threatened by the realities of war in spite of the existence of several theoretical frameworks for international relations, it is fundamental to be aware of the

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting - Essay Example Assessment is the first stage of the nursing process and begins with the collection of information about a patient (Hinchliff et al, 2003). In a broad sense, assessment is the foundation of nursing care and is a continuous process that nurses apply in their delivery of care (Ryrie and Norman 2010). Barker (2004) also identifies assessment as an estimation of a person’s character, and as a â€Å"decision making process based upon the collection of relevant information, using a formal set of ethical criteria, that contributes to an overall estimation of a person and his circumstances†. However it has been suggested that mental health nursing profession should integrate the broad principles of recovery approach into every aspect of nursing practice including that of assessment (DH 2006). Furthermore, a number of standardised assessment tools has been developed to support nurses further in fulfilling their professional task in clinical measurement and also in providing â₠¬Å"a general outline or the presentation of the person at a particular point in time† (Barker 2004). This essay will now identify, using evidence-based practice, a formal assessment tool used in the assessment of a patient in an acute inpatient assessment ward during a recent clinical placement. Relevant references will be cited to support statements and conclusions; appendices will also be provided to give a sample of the assessment tool used during the placement. In accordance with the Nursing & Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Conduct (2002) guidelines, certain parts of this original essay such as the patient history will be omitted to maintain confidentiality and protect anonymity. The setting is an acute inpatient ward and a mixed gender unit. It provides a safe environment for assessment, treatment and therapeutic work helping to secure the full spectrum of mental health conditions designed to promote recovery as stated by the Department Of Health (2006). In this essay, I will pay attention to the use of the assessment instrument: Becks Depression Inventory (BDI). This inventory is basically composed of a series of queries conceptualized to measure the intensity and severity of patients with a diagnosis of mental health disorders (Polgar, 2003). The long form covers 21 questions which are meant to evaluate a specific symptom manifest among people with depression. The shorter form is composed of seven questions and is meant to be carried out by primary care givers (Polgar, 2003). This assessment tool was originally meant to evaluate and monitor depression among patients in the mental health setting and is now widely used as a measure and evaluation tool for patients with potentially depressed symptoms. I am fully aware of ethical issues on consent and so I gained a valid and informed consent of the patient in accordance with the NMC provisions (2002, section 3). The patient was made aware that this work would be confidential (NMC, 200 2, section 5). To protect her identity, she will be referred to as Helen in this paper. Helen is 65 years old and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She is currently in the acute mixed gender ward for assessment and treatment. For the past several years she has been admitted on and off into the ward similarly for depressed symptoms, and sometimes for manic symptoms. Rationale in selecting one type of assessment tool Using one type of assessment tool is crucial to the delivery of nursing care. The single assessment process applied to the patient helps to ensure that â€Å"older people’s needs are accurately assessed without needless duplication across different agencies†

Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Mechanism

Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Mechanism Mesothelial cells play a vital role in maintaining the structure of peritoneal membrane and peritoneal homeostasis. During long term peritoneal dialysis, prolonged exposure of peritoneum membrane to peritoneal dialysis solution causes peritoneal fibrosis. Bioincompatible dialysis fluid causes mesothelial cells to undergo uncontrolled mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition triggered by Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ²1, which leads morphological and functional disruption of membrane. This literature review is about mechanism of mesothelial -mesenchymal transition (MMT), myofibroblasts and its origin hypothesis, clock genes and their cross relation with organ fibrosis. 1.1 Peritoneum anatomy Peritoneum is defined as gliding membrane, composed of mesothelial cells maintained by basement membrane and thin layer of connective tissue. It consists of two distinct layers of mesothelium, known as parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum. Parietal peritoneum lines the peritoneal cavity and comes from somatic mesoderm of the embryo. Visceral covers the external surface of most abdominal organs and derived from splanchnic mesoderm of the embryo. Peritoneal cavity is potential space between both layers and is comprised of small amount of lubricating fluid, also known as serosal fluid which prevents friction between closely packed organs and allows free movement of them. [1,2] The primary function of peritoneal membrane is to provide support to abdominal organs. It also acts as passage to their blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Peritoneal cavity is rich in number of cells like mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes and immune cells like macrophages, T cells, B cells, mast cells. Along with cells, they contain cytokines and growth factors, like interleukin-1 (IL-1), Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ²1 (TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). All through the development process of peritoneal fibrosis, peritoneal cells will experience changes and some of the pro inflammatory factors which act as inducers to induce fibrosis and inflammatory processes. In this designed project, we are going to focus on mesothelial cells along with Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ² (TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1), which is considered as main mediator of organ fibrosis development. 1.2 Peritoneal Fibrosis caused by peritoneal dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis, an alternative to haemodialysis is being used about more than three decades ago to treat end stage renal disease. During this treatment, PD solution is introduced into the abdomen with the help of tube also known as catheter. This dialysis therapy uses peritoneum membrane as semi-permeable membrane and principle of diffusion, to diffuse waste from underlying blood vessel into the solution. PD solution is major drawback of this treatment which contributes to development of peritoneal fibrosis in patients due to its bioincompatible nature. Long-time exposure to hypertonic environment of PD solution with high glucose concentration, acidic pH, presence of Glucose Degradation Products (GDPs) and Advanced Glycation end-products(AGEs) causing functional and structural alterations in peritoneum membrane. [43] Other factor which triggers fibrosis process in peritoneum membrane during dialysis is peritonitis. Peritonitis is inflammation of peritoneum which is caused by infection that can occur either by using unsterile catheter tube, handling which lead to introduction of micro-organism into abdominal cavity. Interesting research was done by Troidle and team, where they reported that inflammation caused by Gram-positive bacteria in patient peritoneum are better managed than the one caused by gram-negative. [81] Numerous clinical studies carried out to study changes that occur in peritoneum of patients undergoes peritoneal dialysis. Till date, largest peritoneal biopsies study was carried out by William and colleague on total of 212 subjects, out of which 9 were normal individuals, 48 undergoing hemodialysis, 25 uremic and 130 subject undergoing PD. [44] There submesothelial thickness was measured, also were checked for vasculopathy and general morphological features. For normal individuals, submesothelial thickness was 50 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m, patients undergoing hemodialysis and uremic patients was 140 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m and 150 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m respectively and for PD patients, thickness was 270à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m. Similar thickness of uremic and haemodialysis patients indicates that uremia can cause change in the peritoneal membrane. Value of submesothelial thickness increased to 700 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m in long term PD patients, which directs towards fibrotic response of peritoneal to PD. They were also able to id entify vascular changes including increasing hyalinization leading to vasculopathy. These findings were confirmed by Plum et al and were able to identify link between increasing thickness of submesothelial layer and increasing transport rate of solutes. [45] 1.3 Mesothelial Cells Structural and Functional Properties Even though being mesoderm origin, mesothelial cells possess various characteristics of epithelial cells. Normally, mesothelial cells are squamous, and flattened in morphology. They are rich in cell organelles, microvilli and cilia are present on the surface. While cilia aim to regulate surfactant secretion, microvilli functions to entrap water and serous exudates in order to guard cell surface from frictional injuries. [5] Glycocalyx created by glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans, and phospholipids surround mesothelial cells and have dual function. They form non-sticky slippery surface which supports intracoelomic movement and also provide protection against scratch. Mesothelial cells are specialized cells which plays key role in peritoneal homeostasis and maintains the integrity of the peritoneal membrane. The critical roles of mesothelial cells in peritoneum are to secrete and synthesize growth factors, cytokines and chemokines in peritoneal cavity by transport of fluid and solute across the membrane. [6] Mesothelial cells are considered as cells that are first in line in bodys defense system and they are able to sense and responds to signals within their microenvironment. They actively participate in deposition and clearance of local fibrin in the serosa membrane cavities. After mechanical injuries and infections, their fibrinolytic activity is important to prevent and remove any fibrin deposits that may forms. [7] Peritoneal membrane does act as selective permeability barrier to the channel of plasma proteins due to existence of anionic sites on mesothelial cells which in result provide net negative charge to the peritoneum membrane. In normal conditions, mesothelial cells are identified on its ability to express cell markers like occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1, Wilms Tumor-1, and E-cadherin. When mesothelial cells undergo Mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition which we will be explained in detail later; they either unable to express them or their level expression decreases. Therefore, its important to know about all mesothelial cell markers for easy identification within pool of cells. 1.3.1 Cell markers Cell markers are defined as molecules with distinctive genetic and biochemical characteristic. These cell markers are present in cells and can be either proteins, peptides or carbohydrates and mainly present in the cells. They are used to distinguish between different cell types. Some of cell markers are specific to cell types and some are disease specific. For instance, Cancer antigen 125, calretinin and vimentin are tumor markers that are expressed by tumor cells. Some of mesothelial cells markers are positive while some are negative. Markers like hyalurnon, phospholipids, protein phosphate inhibitors-1 are formed by mesothelial cells itself. Table below shows previously studied markers for mesothelial cells and their function. TABLE:- Cell Markers for mesothelial cells MARKER FUNCTION SOURCE REFERENCE AUA1 Immunocytochemical marker of epithelial cells Human [22] Calretinin Diagnostic tool for Hirschsprung Positive marker of mesothelioma Human [23][72] Cancer Antigen(CA) 125 Tumor marker Specific marker for mesothelial cell mass Human [24][73] CD44 Cancer stem cell marker Human [25] CD44H Receptor for hyaluronic acid Positive mesothelial marker Human [26][74] Cytokeratins Epithelial specific marker Expressed by mesothelial cells Human Rat [27][75] Cytokeratin 5/6 Mesothelioma marker Human [28] D2-40 Potential diagnostic marker of mesothelioma Human [29] Desmin Promising differentiating marker of reactive mesothelium from malignant epithelial Human [30] E-Cadherin Cell- cell adhesion marker Used for differentiating benign reactive mesothelial cells Human [31] HBME-1 Negative mesothelial marker in pleura Sensitive mesothelial marker in pleura Human Human [32][33] Hyalurnon Formed by Mesothelial cells Positive mesothelial peritoneal marker Human [34] Keratin Present in extreme amount in mesothelial cells Low amount or negative in mesothelioma Human Human [35] [36] Keratin 7 (K7) Highly expressed by mesothelial cells Human [37] Mcp130 Diagnostic tool for mesothelioma Also used for ovarian carcinomas Human Rat [38] ME1/ME2 Used for identifying both mesothelioma and normal mesothelial cells Human [22] Mesothelin Expressed by both reactive mesothelial cells and epithelioid mesothelioma Human [39] N-Cadherin Human mesenchymal stem cell marker Able to differentiate cardiomyocyte Human Human [30] [76] Phospholipids Formed by mesothelial cells Also known as positive marker for mesothelial cells in peritoneal fluid Human Human [34] [24] ProteinPhosphate Inhibitor-1 Consider as novel positive marker of mesothelium Mouse [40] Thrombomodulin Positive, specific and sensitive marker for mesothelial cells. Human [28] Vimentin Help in identifying mesothelial origin cells Human [41] Wilms Tumour 1 (Wt1) Marker used for differentiate between benign and epithelioid mesothelium Regulates transition of mesothelial into myofibroblasts Human Human [42] [77] 2.0 Fibroblasts in peritoneum To amend injuries in organ and tissues, cell response it in form of fibrosis. Resident fibroblast produces extracellular matrix and collagen. Myofibroblasts are the cells that are produced for carrying out the process of wound healing. In general, myofibroblast are gone through the process of apoptosis after completing healing process. It has been suggested that they become persistence after its mechanism fails and leading to more production and contraction of Extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen causing fibrotic diseases. 2.1  Myofibroblasts in fibrosis Myofibroblasts are defined as specialized subset of cells, which are considered as the key cells in tissue fibrosis. [9] Electron microscopy showed that myofibroblast have disorganized membrane (changes that occur in actin cytoskeleton), showed presence of stress fibers, microfilament bundles and also showed adhesions in the fibroblastic cells of granulation tissue. [10] Further electron microscopy showed the presence of gap junctions which connects myofibroblasts, thus strengthening the idea of resemblance between myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cell. Myofibroblast main functions are wound healing and connective tissue remodeling. 2.2 Fibroblast differentiation into Myofibroblast To study and analyze functions of myofibroblast, a series of both in-vivo and in-vitro experiments were carried out by Hinz and Gabbiani. [15] They defined the origin of myofibroblasts as a result of 2 step differentiation of fibroblast process. [78] In initial step, fibroblasts differentiate into proto-myofibroblasts during mechanical stress and results in production of stress fibers which contains cytoplasmic actin. They also function to express and establish cellular fibronectin and are also enable to produce contractile force. Term proto-myofibroblast was given to these activated fibroblasts to differentiate them from inactive fibroblasts which are unable to produce contractile force. TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 along with ED-A fibronectin, under mechanical stress boosts further differentiation of proto-myofibroblast into myofibroblast. They are categorized by extensive ÃŽÂ ±-smooth muscle actin level of expression and produces stronger contractile force than proto-myofibroblasts. This is a lso contributing into connective tissue remodeling. Gabbiani and Hinz also stated that unlike dermal wound healing, in pathological wound healing myofibroblasts do not vanish through apoptosis instead they lead to tissue deformation. In fact, contractures triggered by them are recognized characteristic of organ fibrosis. [79] 2.3 Hypothesis surrounding Myofibroblasts origin The origin of Myofibroblasts in fibrotic tissue has been much debated, with disparate findings likely to stem from the range of different fibrotic diseases investigated and the array of technical approaches taken. [11] Most of the proposed theories have different cellular sources and mechanisms which lead to their origin (Figure 3). Previous studies on dermal fibrosis proposed that mesenchymal-like cells known as pericytes are resident source of myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence of patients biopsies showed phenotype link between pericytes and myofibroblasts. [80] It has been described that pericytes can differentiate into osteoblast, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Research carried out by Lin et al., on Col1a1-GFP mice and Humphreys et al., using FoxD1-Cre knock-in mice, both transgenic mice with aim to identify pericytes in genetically labelled renal stroma to suggest that major source of myofibroblasts is pericytes, a contractile cell. [12, 13] A limitation of the aforementioned studies is the lack of lineage tracing strategies and the use of non-specific markers to identify pericytes. Markers such as CD73, PDGFR- ÃŽÂ ² (Platelet-derived growth factor receptor- ÃŽÂ ²) and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) used in these studies are also expressed by resident fibroblasts. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), similar process to EMT can be another potential source myofibroblasts. Study done by Zeisberg on three independent mouse models with chronic kidney diseases to study renal fibrosis found that EndoMT may contribute in fibrosis as about 30-50% myofibroblasts were able to express ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and fibroblast-specific protein-1(FSP-1) and also endothelial cell markers CD31. [16] This indicates myofibroblasts may originate from endothelial cells. Myofibroblasts may also be derived from bone marrow. An elaborate series of studies carried out by Direkze et al., used molecular staining techniques for the detection of Y chromosome markers in irradiated female mice which were transplanted with male bone marrow. [18] They used skin wounding and paracetamol administration to create selection pressure to encourage engraftment of bone marrow derived myofibroblasts. They were able to identify myofibroblasts in the gut through their ability to express o f alpha- smooth muscle actin and their morphologies. These findings are controversial however, as other groups have failed to identify BM derived myofibroblasts. A recent study carried out by Yi Ting Chen et al., did genetic fate mapping of Wilms Tumor-1 positive cells on peritoneal fibrosis models. Fibrosis was induced either by dialysis solution, overexpression of TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1, or sodium hypochlorite. [19] Results of this study postures as a challenge to the significance of mesothelial cells as probable source of myofibroblasts. It showed rather than mesothelial cells, underlying submesothelial resident fibroblast give rise to collagen producing myofibroblast. Results of genetic fate mapping of WT1+ mesothelial cells showed that after peritoneal injury, remaining mesothelial cells repair the disrupted peritoneal membrane by contributing to remesothelialization, but do not undergo MMT. While previous studies used Wt-1 as a biomarker and Cre recombinase to trace the fate of mesothelial cells. This makes it obvious that Chen finding still needs to be confirmed. This study also The last proposed theory for origin of myofibroblast is epithelial -mesenchymal transition. Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly defined as process during which transition to mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and their polarity. Followed by obtaining mesenchymal markers like FSP 1, HSP47, ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and vimentin but loses epithelial markers. [20] Myofibroblasts derived from epithelial cells through EMT proposed theory got strong piece of evidence from immunohistochemical study of peritoneal fibroblasts of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients carried out by J-Heffernan et al. [14] Biopsies samples were taken from CAPD patients and divided into four groups: normal (I), non CAPD uremic (II), CAPD uremic (III) and non- renal patients with inguinal hernia (IV). Markers like desmin, E-cadherin, cytokeratins, ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and also CD34 were analysed for expression by mesothelial cells and resident fibroblasts. Group I and II did expressed CD34 but no other markers. The reverse pattern was observed in other two g roups. Degree of peritoneal fibrosis is connected with loss of CD34 expression. Myofibroblasts appear to originate from both by activations of resident fibroblasts and by mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells. 3.0 Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Under regular conditions, Mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells is an autoregulated biological process which functions to repair tissues but under uncontrolled situations (Long term Peritoneal dialysis) they can cause Peritoneal fibrosis. 3.1 Stages of MMT Mesothelial -Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) is similar process to Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Defined as a step-wise and complex process where mesothelial cells undergo modifications in their architecture and molecular functions. [21] [48] Simple steps in which process of MMT occurs starts with the downregulation of intracellular adhesion molecules causing loss of microvilli, apical-basal polarity and disrupting intracellular tight junction. These transition undergoing cells adopt front to back polarity, have increased in their migration capacity, morphological changes and are able to express ÃŽÂ ±-SMA. The main objective of this process is to repair wounded tissues and also play role in process like migration of cells, inducing neoangiogenesis and production of extracellular matrix. Molecules and signaling pathways that play role of either inducers or blocker during the process of MMT are TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 induced signaling pathways and BMP-7 signaling pathway. They are member of superfamily of growth factors, along with activins/inhibin and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Main attention is on growth factors because equilibrium between these factors maintains the epithelial like-phenotypic characteristics of Mesothelial cells and also in acquiring mesenchymal cells characteristics. Studies not only showed that high levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, CTGF and VEGF are expressed by mesothelial cells that undergo MMT. But also that there is connection between expression of these molecules and rate of transport of solute across peritoneal membrane. These molecules are also caught up into fibrotic, angiogenic and also in inflammatory responses. [49][50][51] 3.2 Cell Signaling Pathways Activation of TGF- ÃŽÂ ², master molecule in peritoneal fibrosis during Peritoneal Dialysis, starts MMT signalling cascade with activating receptors that triggers smads- dependent (GSK-3, ÃŽÂ ²-catenin, Lef-1/Tcf, integrin-linked kinase) and smads-independent signalling (H-Ras/Raf/ERK) pathway. [48][52][53][54] Smad are intracellular proteins that functions to transfer signals from TGF-ÃŽÂ ² to nucleus for gene transcription. Smad dependent signalling pathways activates when TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 binds with their respective receptor type II (TGF R-II and BMP R-II respectively). The binding leads to activation of receptors type I of TGF and BMP-7. These receptors type I functions to carry out phosphorylation process. TGF R-I phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-ÃŽÂ ² pathway and Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 by BMP R-I. These activated Smads forms heterodimers with Smad4. Followed by translocation of these complexes into the nucleus where they function to activate genes involved in either process of MMT and rMMT (Fig. 5) Presence of few other BMP-7 modulators may affect the signalling of BMP-7. Smad dependent signalling pathway of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 are controlled by Smad7 and Smad6 respectively. In case of Smad independent pathway of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 involves a protein kinase TAK1, which functions to regulate processes like transcription and apoptosis. In TGF-ÃŽÂ ² signalling pathway, TRAF6 initiates activation of TAK1 which further leads to activation of p38 and MAPK-JNK signalling pathway. Receptor type I of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² phosphorylates Shc, which helps in activating MAP kinase ERK1/2 signalling pathway. p38 pathway act as blocker of mesothelial cells conversion to mesenchymal. Maybe its due to the fact that XIAB, a protein belonging to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis protein helps BMP-7 to activate p38 signalling pathway. TGF-ÃŽÂ ² also encourages PI3-K/Akt pathway by inactivating GSK-3ÃŽÂ ², to stabilize ÃŽÂ ²-catenin and snail and to activate mTOR. This results in localisation of ÃŽÂ ²-catenin into the nucleus, where they interact with LEF1/TCF, in order to feed into Wnt signalling pathway. They also contribute in the transcription of mesenchyma l-related genes. Furthermore, localisation of snail into the nuclear encourages transcriptional repression of E-cadherin and several other adhesion molecules. Smad dependent or independent pathway, both depicts the fact that TGF-ÃŽÂ ² plays a key role in developing fibrosis by promoting mesothelial to mesenchymal transition. Another fact is BMP-7 plays role of antagonist to TGF-ÃŽÂ ². Utmost studies has used TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 as their target goal to design therapeutic treatment for peritoneal fibrosis. Most of them intend to control TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 activity either via drug or synthetic proteins design specifically for this purpose. 3.3 Evidences of Mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT) There are more than enough studies results which clearly supports the process of MMT occurring fibrosis but in 2003, Yanez-Mo et al., published breakthrough in-vitro and in-vivo study where they were able to demonstrated MCs undergoes mesenchymal conversion. [46]. Primarily in vitro studies were carried on by isolating mesothelial cells from patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. These isolated cells were characterized using immunostaining, western blotting, flow cytometry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Mesothelial cells from omentum from healthy persons were used as control and all results were compared. Morphological analysis sample showed varies morphologies ranging from cobblestone like appearing cells to fibroblast like cells. Mixed morphology and non-epithelioid were also observed in few samples. Level of E-cadherin, cytokeratin and vimentin were analyzed for the mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mesothelial cell cultures. Results demonstrated not iceably low level of E-cadherin and cytokeratin expression in both cobblestones like cells and non-epithelioid cell as compared to omentum cell cultures. In non-epithelioid cells, vimentin has high expression level. Expression of snail and E-cadherin in mesothelial cells isolated from effluent and omentum were analyzed by the process of RT-PCR. While in omentum mesothelial cells, showed no presence of snail mRNA but increase in expression of these messenger RNA in effluent derived mesothelial cells. These results were established after carrying out in vivo studies of peritoneal biopsy samples. With dual aim of studying anatomical changes in peritoneal membrane and correlating them with functional parameter, Del Peso and team carried out a clinical study. [47] They used peritoneum biopsies taken from thirty-five steady patients which were still taking peritoneum dialysis treatment form last 2 years. They observe loss of mesothelial layer in about 74% patients, fibrosis in 46%, 17% showed presence vasculopathy. With submesothelial cytokeratin staining, 17% showed evidence of EMT. Interestingly, they found that myofibroblasts were present in all patients with EMT but only in 36% without EMT. 3.4 Potential therapeutic approaches to reverse MMT (rMMT) Several studies describe therapeutic strategies which are targeting anti-EMT of Mesothelial cells are emerging as promising treatment against fibrosis development. Tamoxifen is a drug used for treating breast cancer. The tamoxifen is oestrogen receptor and their activity affects action of TGF- ÃŽÂ ²1 has been reported. In year 1991, Clark and team showed noticeable decrease in level of peritoneal fibrosis, when given orally to peritoneal fibrosis patients. Loureiro and team also used this drug to study its effect in early stage of PD induced peritoneal fibrosis. [61] Theyused PD model of mice for in-vivo study and along with that they also did in-vitro study. In vitro studies were carried out with mesothelial cells (MCs) derived from omentum and effluent. Mesothelial cell sample cultures were checked for any change in morphology and also level of E-cadherin expression after treating them with Tamoxifen. For effluent derived MCs, MMT was not reversed by Tamoxifen but some mesenchymal molecules expression was reduced. In mice PD model, they confirmed that MMT and thickness of peritoneal membrane increases parallel. They also observed that Tamoxifen does reduce thickness of peritoneal membrane and improves its function. They also administrated P17 and P144, synthetic peptides that were designed to bind with TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 directly. [62] It has been reported that in organs like liver, heart, skin these peptides have shown strong antifibrotic effect by blocking biological function of TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1. Bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) and Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are two molecules that were successfully demonstrated their ability to inhibit and reverse process of Mesothelial to mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in animal models by X Y D et al., and Yang et al. [64] [65] In vitro study carried by Yang and team, where they used histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (HAT) C646 in EMT model of HPMCs. [66] EMT was induced by treating with high glucose. C646 treatment of EMT model, found TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1/Smad3 signalling was blocked. This might provide with a novel therapeutic treatment for peritoneal fibrosis. Even though most of the therapeutic studies focused on mesothelial mesenchymal transition process and TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1, there are other factors that contributes to loss of functional properties of peritoneum. Thus promotin